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The end of Germany’s self-confined foreign policy

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When Germany’s new foreign minister Annalena Baerbock took office in December 2021, there was careful optimism in Berlin that she would embody a more assertive German foreign policy.

Germany’s foreign policy has often been criticized as too restrained and reluctant in relation to its economic weight and critical calls by other nations for more engagement have indicated increased expectations for actions from Germany in global affairs. While there have been some episodes of a more active role by Germany in the international arena, for instance during the financial crisis in 2010, the refugee crisis in 2015, and the negotiations of the Iran nuclear deal, Bearbock’s predecessors in the Foreign Ministry remained largely unnoticeable on the global stage and their foreign policy was mostly a continuation of Germany’s low profile foreign policy.

Despite the careful optimism that Baerbock might stand for a more disruptive and assertive German foreign policy, it seemed doubtful whether she would be able to overcome the two major causes for Germany’s somewhat self-confined foreign policy: 1. Germany’s extreme dependence on international trade (including natural resources) and 2. Germany’s historic reluctance to engage in military interventions. These two factors are largely responsible for the gap between Germany’s value-orientated foreign policy principles as well as objectives and its actual actions to implement such, especially in relation to human rights violations, autocrats, and aggressors.

Now, however, it seems that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has abruptly eradicated one of the two causes for Germany’s self-confined foreign policy. Within a matter of two days, Germany’s stance on international security policy changed completely. On 26 February, the German Defence Ministry declared that, despite its historic position against the supply of arms to conflict zones, it would deliver anti-tank systems and Stinger air defence systems to Ukraine.

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The day after that in an extraordinary parliamentary session, Olaf Scholz announced that Germany, after years of debates, will raise its military expenditure to 2% of its GDP (making it Europe’s top spender on defence) and establish an extra 100-billion-euro fund for investments into the Bundeswehr in order to become Europe’s most modern and effective army. The German chancellor also pledged to expand Germany’s troop presence in Lithuania and to provide German air defence systems to Eastern European NATO members.

These movements represent a major break with Germany’s self-perception of its role in the world and with the depictions of Germany as a ‘reluctant’ or ‘civilian’ power that is not comfortable with the pursuance of a more assertive role in foreign policy, mainly attributed to a political and public culture that has roots in the legacy of post-war pacifism.

The apparent re-consideration in Germany about the role of military means in foreign policy, Annalena Baerbock’s fresh take on Germany’s objectives, and the lessons learned from the war in Ukraine will significantly shape German foreign policy in the coming years. This does not necessarily mean that Germany’s foreign policy will be totally different from now on, but it could represent the beginning of a new era of a less self-confined foreign policy more willing to put its value-orientated foreign policy objectives into actions and as such more assertive to confront adversaries.

While Germany’s historic responsibility and preference to realize foreign policy objectives through economic cooperation and multilateral institutions with the resort to military means being only admissible in exceptional situations will continue to be the norm, there will be less stigma around the Bundeswehr and more space for hard power elements in German foreign policy debates and policies.

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Yet, the second cause for Germany’s self-confined foreign policy, the country’s extreme dependence on international trade (as the world’s third-largest exporter and importer), is going to continue to put a heavy hand on the country’s decision makers when choosing foreign policy options. But, even here the painful realisation by Germany of being trapped in its reliance on Russian gas and therefore limited in its ability to sanction Russia in response to the invasion in Ukraine might be a learning experience leading to the reconsideration of its dependence on international trade in general, especially when it comes to its economy’s extreme reliance on exports to China, which one day might as well become a problem.

Via MD

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China

Unveiling the Enigma: Why Did China’s Ousted Foreign Minister Qin Gang Step Down as Lawmaker? Exploring the Intricacies of His Departure

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Introduction

In a recent development that has sparked widespread interest and speculation, Qin Gang, China’s former Foreign Minister, has stepped down as a lawmaker. This move comes in the wake of his removal from the foreign ministry, raising questions about the reasons behind his departure from both positions. Let’s delve into the intricacies of this significant event and explore its implications.

Who is Qin Gang?
Qin Gang’s Background and Career Trajectory:
Qin Gang is a seasoned diplomat who has held various prominent positions within the Chinese government. His career spans decades, during which he has been involved in shaping China’s foreign policy and representing the country on the global stage. As a trusted aide to President Xi Jinping, Qin Gang’s influence extended beyond his role as Foreign Minister.

The Ousting of Qin Gang:
Reasons Behind Qin Gang’s Removal as Foreign Minister:
Qin Gang’s tenure as Foreign Minister was marked by both successes and controversies. His diplomatic approach and handling of key international issues drew mixed reactions, leading to speculation about internal power struggles within the Chinese leadership. The decision to remove him from his position sent shockwaves through diplomatic circles and raised questions about the direction of China’s foreign policy.

Qin Gang’s Transition to Lawmaking:
Qin Gang’s Appointment as a Lawmaker:
Following his removal as Foreign Minister, Qin Gang was appointed as a lawmaker in China’s legislative body. This move was seen as a strategic decision to maintain his influence within the political system despite his exit from the foreign ministry. However, his resignation from this position has added another layer of complexity to his political trajectory.

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Factors Influencing Qin Gang’s Resignation:
Internal Politics and Power Dynamics:
The intricate web of political dynamics within the Chinese government likely played a significant role in Qin Gang’s decision to step down as a lawmaker. Speculations abound regarding potential conflicts of interest, disagreements with key figures, or shifts in policy priorities that may have prompted his departure. Understanding these internal factors is crucial to grasping the full context of his resignation.

Implications for China’s Foreign Policy:
Impact on China’s Diplomatic Relations:
Qin Gang’s departure from both the foreign ministry and his lawmaker position is expected to have ripple effects on China’s diplomatic engagements. His successor in the foreign ministry will inherit a complex landscape shaped by Qin Gang’s tenure, requiring adept navigation of existing relationships and potential challenges. Observers are closely monitoring how this transition will impact China’s stance on key global issues.

Conclusion:
The resignation of Qin Gang as a lawmaker following his removal as Foreign Minister marks a significant chapter in Chinese politics and diplomacy. The reasons behind his departure, the internal dynamics at play, and the implications for China’s foreign policy all contribute to a nuanced understanding of this event. As we continue to analyze these developments, one thing remains clear: Qin Gang’s exit has far-reaching consequences that will shape China’s future trajectory on the world stage.

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Diplomacy

Navigating Diplomacy with Donald Trump: A European Perspective

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Introduction

As we navigate through the complexities of global politics in this post-Trump era, it’s essential to reflect upon how Europe approached negotiations during his presidency. This thoughtful analysis will delve into strategies that could have been more effective when dealing with former President Donald J. Trump, offering insights from both historical context and contemporary perspectives.

Understanding the Context

To comprehend the challenges faced by European leaders while interacting with Trump, one must first grasp the unique nature of his administration. His unconventional approach to diplomacy often involved personal attacks, blunt language, and an apparent disregard for established norms. As such, traditional methods of negotiation were frequently met with resistance or outright rejection.

Key Considerations for Effective Negotiations

In order to achieve successful outcomes, European leaders would do well to consider several key factors:

  1. Emphasize shared values: Highlight areas where common ground exists between the U.S. and Europe, focusing on democratic principles, the rule of law, and respect for international institutions.
  2. Be proactive: Anticipate potential obstacles and develop preemptive solutions rather than reactively responding to provocations.
  3. Maintain consistency: Maintain a cohesive front among member states, avoiding internal divisions that might undermine collective bargaining power.
  4. Communicate effectively: Utilize clear, concise messaging that is easily understood by all parties, minimizing misunderstandings and misinterpretations.
  5. Adapt to changing circumstances: Be prepared to adjust tactics as needed based on new information, shifting priorities, or evolving political landscapes.
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Lessons Learned from Past Interactions

European leaders encountered numerous difficulties throughout their interactions with Trump. Some notable examples include:

  • The Paris Climate Agreement: Despite strong support from European nations, Trump announced the United States’ withdrawal from the agreement, citing economic concerns.
  • Transatlantic Trade Relationship: Tensions rose over trade tariffs imposed by Trump, which threatened to disrupt long-established trading relationships.
  • Russia Sanctions: Disputes emerged regarding sanctions against Russia, with Trump expressing scepticism about their effectiveness.

These instances highlight the need for European leaders to adapt their approaches to better accommodate Trump’s idiosyncratic style of leadership.

Strategies for Successful Engagement

Based on these lessons learned, European leaders can implement the following strategies to improve their engagement with future American administrations:

  1. Focus on mutual benefits: Emphasize win-win scenarios that benefit both sides, thereby reducing the likelihood of confrontational exchanges.
  2. Promote transparency: Encourage open communication channels and regular dialogue, fostering trust and understanding between parties.
  3. Stay informed: Keep abreast of current events and developments within the U.S., enabling European leaders to anticipate shifts in policy and respond accordingly.
  4. Build coalitions: Collaborate with like-minded countries to strengthen collective bargaining positions and amplify voices advocating for shared interests.

By implementing these strategies, European leaders may find themselves better equipped to handle challenging situations and foster constructive dialogues with future American presidents.

Conclusion

While navigating the intricacies of diplomacy with Donald Trump proved difficult at times, European leaders can learn valuable lessons from those experiences. By adopting a strategic, proactive, and collaborative approach, they stand a greater chance of achieving mutually beneficial outcomes in their dealings with future American administrations. Ultimately, maintaining a strong relationship with the United States remains crucial for ensuring peace, stability, and prosperity across the globe.

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Diplomacy

Henry Kissinger’s Death: What You Need to Know About His Legacy

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Henry Kissinger was a prominent figure in US foreign policy, serving as National Security Advisor under President Nixon and later as Secretary of State under President Ford. He was known for his controversial foreign policy decisions that left an indelible mark on US foreign policy. Kissinger passed away on November 30, 2023, at the age of 100, leaving behind a legacy that is both celebrated and criticized.

Early Life and Career

Henry Kissinger was born in Germany in 1923 and immigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution. He attended Harvard University, where he earned a bachelor’s degree in political science and a doctorate in international relations. After completing his studies, Kissinger worked as a professor of government at Harvard and as a consultant to the US government on foreign policy issues.

Role in US Foreign Policy

Kissinger’s role in US foreign policy began in 1969 when he was appointed National Security Advisor by President Nixon. In this role, Kissinger played a key role in shaping US foreign policy during the Cold War. He was instrumental in negotiating the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) with the Soviet Union and in establishing diplomatic relations with China.

In 1973, Kissinger was appointed Secretary of State by President Ford. In this role, he continued to play a prominent role in shaping US foreign policy. He was involved in negotiations to end the Vietnam War and played a key role in the Middle East peace process.

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Controversies and Criticisms

Despite his many accomplishments, Kissinger’s legacy is also marked by controversy. He has been accused of war crimes for his role in the US bombing campaign in Cambodia during the Vietnam War. He has also been criticized for his support of authoritarian regimes in Latin America and for his role in the overthrow of democratically elected governments in Chile and elsewhere.

Legacy and Impact

Despite the controversies surrounding his legacy, Kissinger’s impact on US foreign policy cannot be denied. He was a master of diplomacy and played a key role in shaping US foreign policy during a critical period in world history. His legacy continues to be debated, with some hailing him as a visionary and others condemning him as a war criminal.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Henry Kissinger was a complex figure whose legacy is both celebrated and criticized. He played a key role in shaping US foreign policy during a critical period in world history and his impact on US foreign policy cannot be denied. However, his legacy is also marked by controversy, and his role in some of the darker chapters of US foreign policy continues to be debated. Ultimately, the lessons that can be learned from Kissinger’s career are complex and multifaceted, and his legacy will continue to be debated for years to come.

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